01
Research group guide
Rob Phillips Physical Biology Laboratory
Rob PhillipsResearch using quantitative experiments, statistical mechanics, information theory, nonequilibrium physics, and large-scale biological measurements to discover predictive principles in gene regulation, biological fidelity, active matter, and viral ecology.
Official research website ↗This independent educational primer introduces scientific concepts relevant to research themes in the Rob Phillips Physical Biology Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. It is not an official Caltech or Rob Phillips Laboratory course and does not imply endorsement or affiliation.
Questions behind the work
Research questions
02
How can regulatory information be inferred from DNA sequence and high-throughput measurements?
03
How does energy consumption allow biological systems to achieve high fidelity?
04
How do molecular motors generate collective active-material behavior?
05
Can quantitative measurements reveal principles in viral diversity and ecology?
Your recommended path
Learn this research
Research primer
Physical Biology: From Gene Regulation to Living Matter
6 lessons · ~29 minutes
Count, model, predict, measure, and revise: a video-first introduction to gene regulation, regulatory genomics, biological fidelity, active matter, and quantitative viral ecology.
- 01How does a physicist think about a living cell?
- 02Can statistical mechanics predict gene expression?
- 03Decoding the genomic Rosetta Stone
- 04Why does life spend energy to avoid mistakes?
- 05Active matter: when molecules build moving materials
- 06Viruses, ecology, and the search for quantitative biological laws
Key concepts
Active matter and molecular motor energy consumption
Identify local energy consumption in active materials.
Binding energy, occupancy, fold-change, and allostery
Connect copy number, binding energy, fold-change, and ligand-dependent allostery.
Biological fidelity, energy expenditure, and error correction
Explain why fidelity requires mechanism-specific coupling and evidence.
Biological numeracy, scale, and order-of-magnitude reasoning
Estimate biological quantities with units and order-of-magnitude reasoning.
Coarse-graining and predictive minimal models
Distinguish a minimal model, a fitted parameter, and a prospective prediction.
Collective microtubule–motor dynamics and emergence
Connect motor interactions to emergent microtubule dynamics and measurements.
Equilibrium versus nonequilibrium biological processes
Distinguish equilibrium discrimination from driven processes.
From measurement to model across biological scales
Apply measurement-to-model reasoning while preserving causal limits.
Information footprints and regulatory-architecture inference
Interpret information footprints without claiming protein identification.
Quantitative viral genomics and bacteriophage ecology
Interpret viral-genomics and phage-ecology observations within their dataset.
Regulatory DNA and massively parallel sequence-to-expression measurement
Explain sequence-to-expression reporter measurements.
Statistical mechanics of transcriptional regulation
Relate statistical weights to occupancy under stated assumptions.
Important papers
2005
Transcriptional regulation by the numbers: models
Bintu L, Buchler NE, Garcia HG, Gerland U, Hwa T, Kondev J, Phillips R
Why this matters: PHILLIPS-LAB PRIMARY RESULT: published thermodynamic-model framework; a model is scoped by its assumptions.
2011
Quantitative dissection of the simple repression input–output function
Garcia HG, Phillips R
Why this matters: PHILLIPS-LAB PRIMARY RESULT: published expression measurements test copy-number and binding-energy predictions for simple repression.
2014
Promoter architecture dictates cell-to-cell variability in gene expression
Jones DL, Brewster RC, Phillips R
Why this matters: PHILLIPS-LAB PRIMARY RESULT: published single-cell measurements test promoter-architecture models of variability.
2018
Tuning transcriptional regulation through signaling: a predictive theory of allosteric induction
Razo-Mejia M, Barnes SL, Belliveau NM, Chure G, Einav T, Lewis M, Phillips R
Why this matters: PHILLIPS-LAB PRIMARY RESULT: published induction measurements; ligand parameters fitted in one strain support predictions for others, not a wholly parameter-free fit.
2026
Dynamics of inducible genetic circuits
Yang Z, Rousseau RJ, Mahdavi SD, Garcia HG, Phillips R
Why this matters: PHILLIPS-LAB PRIMARY RESULT: published circuit dynamics connect molecular regulation to dynamical models.
2018
A systematic approach for dissecting the molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in bacteria
Belliveau NM, Barnes SL, Ireland WT, Jones DL, Sweredoski MJ, Moradian A, Hess S, Kinney JB, Phillips R
Why this matters: PHILLIPS-LAB PRIMARY RESULT: published Sort-Seq and protein-identification pipeline; measurements have distinct roles.
2020
Deciphering the regulatory genome of Escherichia coli, one hundred promoters at a time
Ireland WT, Beeler SM, Flores-Bautista E, McCarty NS, Röschinger T, Belliveau NM, Sweredoski MJ, Moradian A, Kinney JB, Phillips R
Why this matters: PHILLIPS-LAB PRIMARY RESULT: published Reg-Seq sequence-to-expression measurements; footprints require additional protein-identification evidence.
2024
Deciphering regulatory architectures of bacterial promoters from synthetic expression patterns
Pan RW, Röschinger T, Faizi K, Garcia HG, Phillips R
Why this matters: MODEL PREDICTION: published theory-of-the-experiment study using synthetic expression patterns, not new measured regulatory data.
2024
Flexibility and sensitivity in gene regulation out of equilibrium
Mahdavi SD, Salmon GL, Daghlian P, Garcia HG, Phillips R
Why this matters: MODEL PREDICTION: published graph-theory analysis of driven promoter responses; does not demonstrate arbitrary measured gene regulation.
2023
Motor processivity and speed determine structure and dynamics of microtubule-motor assemblies
Banks RA, Galstyan V, Lee HJ, Hirokawa S, Ierokomos A, Ross TD, Bryant Z, Thomson M, Phillips R
Why this matters: PHILLIPS-LAB PRIMARY RESULT: published collaborative measurements connect motor speed and processivity to assembly structure.
2025
Motor-driven microtubule diffusion in a photobleached dynamical coordinate system
Hirokawa S, Lee HJ, Banks RA, Duarte AI, Najma B, Thomson M, Phillips R
Why this matters: PHILLIPS-LAB PRIMARY RESULT: published photobleached tracking measurements distinguish rearrangement from overall motion.
2018
A comprehensive and quantitative exploration of thousands of viral genomes
Mahmoudabadi G, Phillips R
Why this matters: PHILLIPS-LAB PRIMARY RESULT: published comparative viral-genome analysis supports distributions, not universal host assignments.
2023
Identification and spatio-temporal tracking of ubiquitous phage families in the human microbiome
Tadmor AD, Mahmoudabadi G, Foley HB, Phillips R
Why this matters: PHILLIPS-LAB PRIMARY RESULT: published observational phage-family tracking in metagenomes; site association does not prove causal ecology.
2024
Machine learning models can identify individuals based on a resident oral bacteriophage family
Mahmoudabadi G, Homyk K, Catching AB, Mahmoudabadi A, Foley HB, Tadmor AD, Phillips R
Why this matters: PHILLIPS-LAB PRIMARY RESULT: published oral phage classifier in a particular dataset; not universal biometrics.
2026
Evolution of error correction through a need for speed
Ravasio R, Husain K, Evans CG, Phillips R, Ribezzi-Crivellari M, Szostak JW, Murugan A
Why this matters: COLLABORATIVE PRIMARY RESULT: published Murugan-led models and selection simulations, with polymerase data consistent with the hypothesis; not universal proofreading.
2025
Dynamic flow control through active matter programming language
Yang F, Liu S, Lee HJ, Phillips R, Thomson M
Why this matters: COLLABORATIVE PRIMARY RESULT: published Thomson-led programmable flow control in active materials.
2025
Geometry-dependent defect merging induces bifurcated dynamics in active networks
Yang F, Liu S, Wang H, Lee HJ, Phillips R, Thomson M
Why this matters: COLLABORATIVE PRIMARY RESULT: published Thomson-led geometry-dependent merging of gaps and cracks, not topological defects.
2025
Illuminating the uncharacterized regulatory genome of E. coli with massively parallel reporters
Röschinger T, Lee HJ, Pan RW, Solini G, Faizi K, Quan B, Chou T-F, Mani M, Quake S, Phillips R
Why this matters: CURRENT PREPRINT: expanded reporter measurements; assay scope and protein identification limit interpretation. Not peer reviewed on the source audit/current lab list.
2026
Informational blueprints reveal condition-dependent gene regulatory architectures
Gökmen DE, Pan RW, Röschinger T, Quake S, Garcia HG, Phillips R, Vitelli V
Why this matters: CURRENT PREPRINT: collaborative informational-blueprint models infer condition-dependent regulatory architectures; predictions require validation.
2026
Energetic gradients emerge in developing motor-microtubule structures
Duarte AI, Salmon GL, Lee HJ, Najma B, Ashok M, Hirokawa S, Postma HWC, Banks RA, Thomson M, Phillips R
Why this matters: CURRENT PREPRINT: measured energetic gradients with a motor-energy hypothesis; not established consensus about every active system.
Independent project ideas inspired by this research
Projects you could do
Educational ideas using public or synthetic data. These projects are not offered or supervised by the lab or research group.
Intermediate
Test a minimal cell model
Computational simulation or public-data analysis
Compare a coarse-grained model with held-out synthetic observations.
- Background
- Relevant primer lessons, Basic Python and algebra
- Data
- {"Synthetic size, time, and copy-number measurements."}
- Output
- A unit-checked prediction plot and a separate report of fitted versus held-out error.
Independent learning idea, not offered or supervised by the lab. Use simulations or public non-identifying data only; no wet-lab work, microbial or phage culturing, genetic modification, clinical or forensic identification.
Intermediate
Explore simple repression
Computational simulation or public-data analysis
Vary copy number and binding energy in a stated equilibrium simulation.
- Background
- Relevant primer lessons, Basic Python and algebra
- Data
- {"Published model equations and synthetic inputs; no culturing."}
- Output
- Occupancy and fold-change plots plus assumptions and failure cases.
Independent learning idea, not offered or supervised by the lab. Use simulations or public non-identifying data only; no wet-lab work, microbial or phage culturing, genetic modification, clinical or forensic identification.
Intermediate
Interpret synthetic information footprints
Computational simulation or public-data analysis
Generate sequence-expression data with a known hidden regulatory region, then recover association.
- Background
- Relevant primer lessons, Basic Python and algebra
- Data
- {"Synthetic reporter sequence-expression tables following Pan et al."}
- Output
- A footprint with uncertainty and a statement that it does not independently identify a protein.
Independent learning idea, not offered or supervised by the lab. Use simulations or public non-identifying data only; no wet-lab work, microbial or phage culturing, genetic modification, clinical or forensic identification.
Intermediate
Simulate locally driven collective motion
Computational simulation or public-data analysis
Simulate interacting filaments with an explicit finite energy budget.
- Background
- Relevant primer lessons, Basic Python and algebra
- Data
- {"Toy motor–filament simulations and published open figures."}
- Output
- A motion plot comparing local interactions and energy removal; no perpetual-motion or central-control claim.
Independent learning idea, not offered or supervised by the lab. Use simulations or public non-identifying data only; no wet-lab work, microbial or phage culturing, genetic modification, clinical or forensic identification.
Intermediate
Compare public viral-genome distributions
Computational simulation or public-data analysis
Analyze public genome lengths or published aggregate phage-family distributions across sites.
- Background
- Relevant primer lessons, Basic Python and algebra
- Data
- {"Public non-identifying viral genome metadata and published aggregate tables."}
- Output
- A distribution plot with sampling, unknown-host, and association-versus-causation limits.
Independent learning idea, not offered or supervised by the lab. Use simulations or public non-identifying data only; no wet-lab work, microbial or phage culturing, genetic modification, clinical or forensic identification.
Related labs and groups
Ranked by shared research topics in the current collection.
Stephen Quake Lab
Stephen QuakeResearch develops biological measurement tools and applies them to single-cell genomics, genomic diagnostics, microbial ecology, and quantitative biological analysis. This independent primer distinguishes historical lab contributions, collaborative and consortium results, current research, and clinical screening from diagnosis.
Shared topics: Metagenomics, Quantitative biology, Systems biology
6 lessons · ~29 minutes
Explore the labUri Alon Lab
Uri AlonResearch seeking simple quantitative design principles that explain biological circuits, physiology, disease, tissue dynamics, and aging.
Shared topics: Dynamical systems, Gene regulatory networks, Systems biology
9 lessons · ~48 minutes
Explore the lab